peters



'UNTTED sTATEs PATENT onirica.

ANGIER MARCH PERKINS, OF LONDON, ENGLAND.

APPARATUS Fon GENERATING STEAM AND ron HEATING WATER AND OTHER` rLUIDs. V

Specification of Letters Patent No. 1,768, dated September 4, 1840.

To all whom t may concern Be it known that I, ANGIER MARCH PER- KINS, formerly of Newburg Port, in the State of Massachusetts, in the United States of America, but now residing in Great Coram street, London, in the county of Middlesex, inthe Kingdom of Great Britain, engineer have invented certain Improvements in Apparatus for Generating bteam and for Heating Water and other Fluids, the object of which invention is to render the boilers, vessels, or other receptacles containing such water or other iiuids free from all deterioration, wear, and danger of explosion, as well as to abstract the heat more effectually and economically from the fire and to impart it to the aforesaid water or other fluids in such manner as to obviate the necessity of exposing the boiler, vessel, or other receptacles containing the aforesaid water or other fluids to the action of the iii-e; and I do hereby declare that my improvements are fully described and set forth in the following specification, reference being had to the accompanying drawings and to the letters and figures marked thereonthat is to say- My invention consists in transmitting or transferring the heat from the fire to the aforesaid water or other uids by means 0f the circulation of water in tubes closed in all parts and as Letters Patent under the seal of the United States have here-to-fo-re been granted to\me for warming the air in buildings and also for heating water and other fluids by means of the circulation of water in tubes closed in all parts and moreover as the circulating hot water tubes which I now propose toemploy are in many respects similar to those for which the aforesaid Letters Patent were granted. Now I declare that my present improvements are intended to make such addition t0 the aforesaid circulating hot water tubes and such alteration thereof as shall render them more fully applicable to the several purposes before mentioned.

Having thus ymade known the nature and objects of my invention I shall proceed to describe in detail those methods of carrying the same into effect which I have hitherto found to be most advantageous and to which I give the preference-I wish it to be distinctly understood however that it is not my y the application of iny-irnprovementsl to a i marine steam boiler of sutlicient capacity to evaporate fteen cubic feet of water per hour. The several parts are denoted by the same "letters of reference in each of the several drawings. Fig. 1 is a longitudinal section through the center o-f the apparatus.

Fig. 2 is a. latitudinal or cross section. Fig.-

3 is a horizontal plan at the water line. Fig.- t is a side elevation of the whole. A A, the boiler containing the water to b evaporated. It is placed horizontally over the furnace B and the sides of the bolier 'and furnace are surrounded by a double casing of iron containing water or some slow con'- ductor of heat. Those parts of the boiler and casing which are in close proximity with the furnace and flue are protected from the action of the fire by a liningof fire clay or bricks. the form of a parallelogram having a perpendicular elongation of one fourth .the length of the boiler which I shall call the water boX. The boiler is strongly braced by t-ies in every part and thus rendered 'secure The boiler consists of a vessel in l against internal pressure; it is furnished with safety valves, water gages and the other usual appendages of steam boilers being in these respects similar to the. boilers ordinarily employed. My improvements are not limited to any peculiar shape of boiler but may be applied with more or less. advantage to all boilers. v

B, the furnace and flue; C C C, a series of wrought iron tubes one inch in external and one half of an inch in internal diameter whichV I denominate the circulating or transmitting tubes the use of which is to convey or transmit the heat fromthe fire inthe furnace to the water in the boiler by means of the circulation of the water contained within them which water is entirely separated from and independent of that to be evaporated in the boiler. To effect this object a certain portion of the tubes is employed to abstract the heat from the tire and is disposed in and about the furnace and flue in `such manner as most fully to accomplish the desired end,1while another portion of the tubes is'placed within the vessel containing the fluid tourbe heated and imparts to the fluid the heat previously aequire'din the furnace. The tubes are 16 1n number and arearranged horizontally and line then passing through the horizontal portionv ofthe boiler they bendand l'descend through the water box vand join thelrother respective ends in the flue.

"AtA ma, Fig. 1, they are joined :to crosspipeCvcalled'the feedpipe, the use ofwhieh isfto distribute the water equally in all the tubes thus avoiding the trouble and delay ofwllingA each tube separately. "Except Vat their junction with the feed pipe the several tubeshave no connection or communication with each other but each .maintain a circulation `throughout its entirelength independently ofthe rest. The length of each tube is vfifty feet and the total length of all the tubesis eight-hundredfeet being equal to a superficial Asurface offtwo hundred square feet of which one fourth part is within the boiler and the other Ythree fourths in the furnacefand flue.` These proportions admit` of considerable variationbut theyl are those which I have found productive of the best effect. Theends ofthe tubes are joined to each other by lockets with `right and left hand screws and the :joints thus made are capable 'fof resistingV any pressure whichI the` tubes will bear. The passage of the tubes through the boiler-plate is rendered tight a-nd'securel by means of thelange nuts b, b, screwed upon the tubes and closely embracing each side of the boiler-plate. D, a small force pump for supplyingany deficiency of water that may occur withinjthe tubes from leakage that being the only manner inwhich loss can ever take'place in consequence of the tubes being completely, closed in VVall parts. E, the expansion or safety valve. ,The water in the tubes when heated undergoes considerl able expansion or increase in bulk. Y To'preventany undue pressure which 4such eXpansion would occasion Vwithin the'tubes the valve Eis provided; It is loaded at a pressure somewhat above that which is consefquent upon the temperature at which the tubesgare worked Vbut far below that which the tubesare previously proved to be capable of sustaining; noV water therefore is ever ferred. valves.

tioned. Instead of the expansion valve E aloaded piston moving in a cylinder may be Vemployed to open aV valve and allow the water to escape; the common safety valve however from its simplicity is` to be pre- F, the steam pipe. G Gr', thesafety H, the feed pipev for supplying the boiler with water. I, Fig. 4;, the water gage. J, the gage cock. K, the double iron casing surrounding Vthe boilerl and furnace. L, the damper. M, the man hole. N, N,.iron plates interposed in the iue causing the heated air and smoke to pass in the direction of the hot water tubes.' O, thechimney. l?, the indicator for showing thepressure. e

The stationary boilers where increased size and weightare not objectionable,\I intend sometimes to substitute a wall of brick work for the double iron casing, and in those cases whererthe boiler is allowed to coolperiodically, I'also intend to remove the force pump and supplythe tubes with water vby a self acting apparatus represented in Fig.

o. ik, is a cistern the capacityof which is proportioned to thesize of the apparatus; one of sufficientl size to contain a `gallon of Vwater will bequite adequate for the supply of an apparatus like that before described; a, a, a, continuation of the feed pipe C eX- tending upward into andthrough the cistern AV upon the top of which'` isscrewed vthe valve box Z), the feed pipe a, a, containing two valves C and d. Thevalve C is the expansion or safety valve and opens outward against the pressure ofthe lever e,

' caused bythe weight f. The valve al is the supply valve and" opens inward toward the feed pipe C.

The apparatus having'been filled with water when the action of the fire will eX- pand the water within the tubes and create a pressure sufficient tot open the valve C and allow the excess of `water to flow out. Vhen the tubes have arrived at their maximum temperature the water will undergo no further eXpansion and `the valve C will close, no more water will thenescape unless the tubes are sufficiently over heated to open the valve C by the pressure of steam re` sulting from the increased.V temperature of the water; When the apparatus is allowed to cool. the water will contract to its origj inal bulk and a vacancy `or Avacuum will be created equal in extent to the `amount of water previously ejected by expansion added tor-that which may have escaped by leakage at the jointswhich vacancy `will be immediately. filled `by water from thev cistern A Vthrough the passage of the valve d, and the feed pipe C. The return ofthe water'to the cistern `A when under vented by the closing ofthe valve al.

pressure is pre- Fig. 6 is a sectional view of a furnace for heating the hot water tubes to a high temperature for the several purposes yhereinafter mentioned. A, the iron casing or covering of the furnace. B, a continuous coil of hot water pipe wit-hin which the fire is made. C, the How pipe or pipe containing the ascending current. D, the return pipe containing the descending current. E, the stolze hole. F, the iue. G, the heat governor or regulator by means of which the temperature of the apparatus is maintained at any required degree. a, an iron box containingxa series of multiplying levers b, b, c, an iron rod welded to the flow pipe and extending downward into the box a-d, a nut screwed upon the flow pipe C and in contact with the short arm of the lowest of the levers 5,1), b. e, a lever from one end of which is suspended the damper f in the flue; from the other end the rod g extends downward and rests upon the long arm of the highest of the levers b, b, b.

When the apparatus has arrived at the required temperature the nut ci, is screwed down until it bears upon the lever, any further increase of temperature will expand or lengthen the flow pipe C and the nut l by acting upon the short arm of the lever and thence through the multiplied action of the levers, b, b, b, will raise the rod e and close the damper within the flue. The check thus given to the draft will prevent any further increase of temperature. When the intensity of the fire is too low the apparatus cools and-the contraction of the iiow pipe C will reverse the action of the levers and open the damper. H, the expansion pipe. It is quite empty when the apparatus is cool but the water when heated undergoes considerable expansion or increase in bulk and to guard against a rupture of the tubes which would take place if the water were closely confined the expansion pipeis made more than sufliciently large to contain all the water that may be ejected by expansion. l, the pipe by which the hot water tubes are filled with water. The elevation of this tube determines the level of the water within the apparatus.

Figs. 8, 9, 10 and 11, exhibit several modifications of my apparatus as applied tio generate steam of extraordinary pressure for steam guns and other purposes.

Fig. 8 represents a generator in its most simple form. A, the hot water tube being` a continuation of the furnace coil. B, a large tube containing the water to be evaporated. The hot water tube is welded to the large tube of each of its ends; the hot water Hows downward as indicated by the arrow and imparts its heat to the water by which it is surrounded. C, the pipe leading from the force pump by which t-h-e generator is supplied with water. D, the steam pipe#v Fig. 9 shows a combination of several such generators working together. A A, the large or exterior tubes placed perpendicularly around a center tube B of the same diameter and communicating with it both at the top and bottom by the small pipes a, a. The center tube extends several feet above the generating tubes, the part solelongated serving as a steam chamber or reservoir, while the lower part acts as a reservoir of water for the surrounding tubes. C C, the circulatinor hotwater tubes; their upper ends are connected to the circular distributing tube D, and their lower ends to a similar tube E. The tubes D and E are severally joined to the top and bottom 4of the heating or furnace coil. The hot water ascends from the furnace coil to the distributing tube D and flows downward through the tubes C C intothe tube E and returns to the bottom of the furnace coil. The heat of the circulating water is transmitted to Athe water in the generating tubes by which the tubes C C are surrounded. F the pipe by which the generator is supplied G, the steam pipe terminating near the top of the steam chamber. It is extended downward through the center tube to avoid radiation. H, the safety valve for relieving the pressure within the generator should 1t be accidentally filled with water the expansion of which would in such case burst the tubes. But for this contingency the safety valve would be superfluous because the temperature of the water in the generator can never exceed that of the circula-ting hot water but is always considerably below it. I, the indicator showing the pressure within the generator. J J, iron frame plates by which the large tubes are kept in their proper position and securely joined to the small pipes a, a. K K, similar frame plates by which with water.

the hot water tubes C C are joined to the circular distributing tubes D and E. L, the iron casing or covering of the generator.

Fig. 10 a horizontal sectional plan of the iron frame plates J, J, showing the large tubes A A, the center tube B, the hot water tubes C C and the connecting pipes a, a. Y

Fig. 11, a horizontal sectional plan of the frame plates showing the hot water tubes'` C C, the center tube B, and one of the distributing tubes D E.

Fig. 12 is a sectional view of another modification in which several small hot water tubes are inclosed in a large tube or generator. A, the exterior tube. B B, small wrought iron tubes the ends of which are welded to the ends of the exterior tube. C C', caps screwed upon the ends of the generator forming a connection between `the small tubes and the two pipes D and E which are continuations of the furnace coil.

wardlthroughthe small tubes B B into the.' :lower cap C from whenceit is conveyed] by the pipe Eto the bottom of the furnace` coil.

The water to be evaporated is contained inthelarge tube and isheated by its coni F `the pipe which supplies the generator with7` tact with the small or hot water tubes.

water. G, the steam pipe.

Figs. 13 and 14 are sectional views of my apparatus as applied to heat, t-ar, pitch, tur-l brass, copper, tin or other metal. B, a hot watercoilcast or embedded in the sides or culatinghot water tubes as fire bars with-V out extending them Vfarther than may be necessary to abstract the heat which they have acquire-3l by contactwith the fire; andV .l intend to apply such fire bars to steam boilers of any construction which are already erected., and also to all other furnaces which are used for heating fluids or are in connection with facilities which admit of the vabstract-ion of the heat from the tubes.

Drawing B: Fig. 15 shows the application of the hot water tubes as fireba-rs to a marine steam boiler. A, the boiler. B, the furnace and Hue. C C, a series of hot water tubes arranged parallel to each other with the usual air space between them the width of which is determined by the nature of the fuel to be consumed. D D', cross tubes towhich the fire tubes C C are connected by the small cones a, The-ends of the cross tube D are bent upward and continued into the boiler, then descending circuitously they leave it near itslowest part and-joint the ends of the cross tube D. E, the force pump by which the water is supplied to the cross tube D. F, the expansion or safety" valve. G` G, iron straps by which the tubes C C are kept in their proper position, and securely joined to the cones-a, a. The

hot water tubes or fire bars C C are conf stantly kept at a low temperature by the circulati'onV of `the water which when heated ascends by Vthe -cross tube D into the boiler A, the vessels or kettle of and having imparted its heat `tovthe surrounding water descends to the cross pipe1D.

The Acirculation off the hot` water which takesplace in each of the foregoing `applications of hot water tubes arises from a 'well known principle and is similar to that which takes place in fthe apparatus forl warming buildings before alluded to and which has been lmade the [subjectfof a previouspatent.V That `portion ofthe water contained in the tubes `whichare exposed to the. action of the lire .acquires` an increase ofteinperaturejandits specific gravity being thereby lessened it-ascends by itsV superior levityf `while `that portion which lis employed to transmit the heat thus acquired-to the water or other fluid acquires increased densityras it parts `with its heat and descends by its superiorfgravity to take the place of the lighter-or ascending current. y

It isdesirable in all `cases so to arrange the tubes within the boiler, generator or lother vessel as to cause the hot water current to Vflow downward through Athe sur- `rounding liuid and impart its excess of heat as far as practicable to the upper surface of the fluid. In vessels of great heightI and `small lateral capacity like the `water `boXl of the boiler Fig. l1,".and `the generators Figs. 8, 9, and 12, the hot water current by descending through water of a constantly decreasing temperaturev will part with the whole of its heat andleave the bottom of such vessel at a temperature no greater than that of the water by `which the vessel is supplied. This entire transmission or transference of `heathowever cannot take place except in those cases where the lower eX- treniity of the `vessel is constantlysupplied with cold water to-make good the deficiency sov occasioned by evaporation at the surface posite direction to that ofthe hot watery currentso that after `leaving the lire it `may at rst come in contact with `the highly heated tubes and lastly `with 'the colder tubes near thebottom of the apparatus.'` Itis by )due attention to this facility which myap'- paratus affords i of reducing the temperature both of the descending hot water current landthe fslnoke and heated airto a mes point much below that of the steam or of the upper part of the water or fluid that one of its advantages is realized.

I claim as new, the following parts of the apparatus described in the foregoing specification, viz.

1. The combining of a force pump with the circulating tubes arranged and combined as set forth closed in all parts, as herein described, excepting in that Vfor the admission of water from said pump.

2. The supplying the tubes with water by means of a valve opening inward, within a cistern Constructed andA operating substantially in the manner of that represented in Fig. 5, and herein described; the water being thereby allowed to enter said tubes by its own gravity or by atmospheric pressure, whenever a deiiciency arises from either of the causes Within enumerated.

3. The combining with said apparatus, what I have denominated the expansion, or

safety valve, for' allowing a portion of Water to flow out of the tubes when expanded by heat.

et. The employment of a portion of' the circulating tubes of my system of closed tubes, to constitute tire bars as set forth; not intending to claim as my invention, the using of hollow tire bars, communicating with a steam boiler, this having been before done.

5. The manner of using the expansion and contraction of one of the hot water tubes, in combination with my system of circulating tubes, as a heat governor, or regulator, whereby the fire is kept at any required degree of intensity, and the tubes at any required temperature.

ANGIER MARCH PERKINS.

Witnesses:

WILLIAM HEATH, JOSEPH NAsoN. 

